Descrittore
Termine preferito
Turchia 1918 (12 novembre) - 1939 (31 agosto) CercaDefinizione
Definition:
Greece occupies Izmir on May 15, 1919. The Association for the Defense of the Rights of Eastern Anatolia is founded on March 3, 1919, and becomes the Association for the Defense of the Rights of Eastern Anatolia and Rumelia later that year. It is led by Mustafa Kemal "Atatürk." In late 1919 the grand vizier, Damad Ferid Pasa, resigns under Kemalist pressure, and Ali Riza Pasa becomes vizier. In January 1920 parliament passes the "National Pact," which outlines a plan for independence. In response, on March 16, 1920, the Allies extend the area of control over occupied Istanbul. On April 5, 1920, Damad Ferid is reinstated as grand vizier and sets out, with the backing of religious leaders, to eradicate Kemalist power and influence. The Grand National Assembly declares at an April 23, 1920, meeting that the sultan's government is illegitimate. The Ottoman Turks sign the Treaty of Sèvres on August 10, 1920, allowing them to keep Istanbul and a portion of Thrace while losing territory in the Arab provinces, a large part of Asia Minor, and the islands of Imroz and Bozcaada, and allowing internationalization of the Straights. Britain, France, and Italy gain influence within Turkey's political structure. By the end of 1920, Ottoman forces are defeated by troops eventually controlled by Kemal.
The Grand National Assembly proclaims, through the Fundamental Law of January 10, 1921, that it is the only true representative of the country and the official name of Türkiye (Turkey) is given to the state. Furthermore, executive power is entrusted to an executive council led by Mustafa Kemal "Atatürk." Greece makes military advances into Turkey throughout 1920 and 1921. Turkey and the Soviet Union sign the Soviet-Turkish Treaty on March 16, 1921. On August 24, 1921, Turkish troops defeat Greek forces at the Battle of the Sakarya River. This begins the retreat of Greek forces from Turkey. Italy begins to withdraw from occupied territory in Turkey in late 1921. On October 20, 1921, Turkey and France sign the Treaty of Ankara (Franklin-Bouillon Agreement) which results in France's withdrawal from Cilicia. Soon after, the Armistice of Mudanya allows Turkey to regain control of Istanbul and eastern Thrace. Greek withdrawal is completed when Turkey reoccupies Izmar on September 9, 1922.
The Grand National Assembly abolishes the sultanate on November 1, 1922, and Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI Vahidedin leaves Turkey. At the Lausanne Conference (November 1922-July 1923) Turkey gains further control in Thrace and regains control of Imroz and Bozcaada. Turkey and Greece exchange populations totaling approximately 1,700,000 people, 400,000 of them Turks. Also, following the Lausanne Conference, a number of Jews in Turkey renounce their minority status and become citizens of the state. Turkey is declared a republic by the Grand National Assembly and Kemal is elected president on October 29, 1923. On March 3, 1924, the caliphate is also abolished and all members of the Ottoman dynasty are forced to leave Turkey. On April 20, 1924, a republican constitution is approved. Kurdish revolts take place in 1925, 1930, and 1937. In 1926 a plot to assassinate Kemal fails. In 1927 the Jewish population of Turkey is estimated at 81,454; over half live in Istanbul. Following a trend towards secularism, Turkey officially becomes a completely secular state in 1928. In the 1930s a trend towards state ownership and control of business and industry diminishes foreign influence. Turkey loses Mosul to Iraq on June 5, 1926. Turkey joins the League of Nations in 1932 and enters the Balkan Entente in 1934. Along with Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan, Turkey signs the Sa'dabad Pact in 1937. Turkey occupies Hatay in 1938. Mustafa Kemal "Atatürk" dies in Istanbul on November 10, 1938. Ismet Inönü is then elected president. Turkey remains neutral as World War II approaches. (en-US)
Fonte
Encylopaedia Judaica CD-ROM Edition. Version 1.0. Jerusalem, Israel, & Shaker Heights, Ohio: Judaica Multimedia, 1997.