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Turchia 1945 (8 maggio) - 2000 (1 gennaio)   Cerca

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Definition: Turkey, which remains neutral during most of World War II, receives US military and economic aid after the war. The post-war period unleashes a new political freedom that relaxes the restrictions on censorship and allows for the formation of a second party. Upon its founding in 1946, the Democratic Party immediately garners support and wins sixty-one seats in the general election that year. The Democrats control Turkish government from 1950 until 1960 ends in a time of severe economic problems. Under Democratic rule, Turkey joins NATO (1952), signs the Balkan Entente (1953), and signs the Baghdad Pact (1959). A military coup in 1960 removes the Democrats from power, imprisons them, and establishes a National Unity Committee with General Cemal Gürsel as its chairman. When it takes power, the National Unity Committee abolishes the Democratic Party, and tries many Democrats on charges of corruption, unconstitutional rule, and high treason. The Committee also writes a new constitution that a nationwide vote approves in 1961. The National Unity Committee then steps down and power is divided amongst various political parties. From 1961 until 1965, political moderation and liberalism generally prevail. Coalition governments rule Turkey from 1965 until 1980. During this period, violence often erupts between leftists and rightists, as well as between security forces and guerillas. Disturbed by the escalating violence and the ineffective government, the military initiates a bloodless coup in 1980. A National Security Council then institutes martial law, appoints General Kenan Evren head of state, and dissolves the National Assembly, political parties, and trade unions. The ban on political parties ends in 1983 in time for general elections. The Turkish people approve a new constitution in 1982. Political stability in Turkey comes in 1983 under the leadership of prime minister of Turgut Özal of the Motherland Party (ANAP). In 1989, Özal becomes Turkey's first civilian president in thirty years. Martial law ends in 1987 in response to international pressure. The violence does not end completely, so a state of emergency is declared in areas where rebels are still active. In 1988, Turkey signs the United Nations and Council of Europe agreements against torture. Turkey's relationship with Israel changes frequently. Although Turkey votes against the partitioning of Palestine (1947), it establishes diplomatic relations with Israel in November 1949. The Democrats, however, favor rapprochement with the Arab countries over a strong relationship with Israel (1950-1960). Turkey signs the Baghdad Pact with Iraq in February 1955 and in December 1956 bows to pressure from Arab countries by recalling its minister from Israel. Turkey refuses to completely sever diplomatic relations with Israel. Relations with Israel improve after Iraq withdraws from the Baghdad Pact (1959) and the Democrats no longer control the Turkish government (May 1960). The two nations cooperate in technology and official visits between the two take place. The tide turns again after riots in Cyprus (1963-1964) when Turkey needs Arab support in the UN. Subsequently, Turkey minimizes its relations with Israel, restricting them to the economic sphere. Turkey calls for peace in the Middle East after the Six-Day War (1967), demanding that Israel withdraw from the occupied territories. Turkish Jews serve in the national parliament beginning 1946. Between 1948 and 1950, over 30,000 Turkish Jews immigrate to Israel. Although Turkey has a law against antisemistim, Jews are targeted during anti-Greek riots of 1955 and 1964 as well as during the violence erupting as an anti-Jewish response to the Six-Day War (1967). (en-US)

Fonte

Encyclopaedia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1995. Vol. 12, p. 58, 28 p. 965-969

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• (PIQ) Turchia

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• Turchia 1945